To receive full credit, this blog assignment must be posted by Monday night, February 8th at midnight. If you post late, please email me your post directly at sdebross@uvm.edu as soon as you are able, and I'll give you partial credit.
Ad Nauseam: Foreword, Preface, Parts 1 & 2
In what specific ways can you connect the reading to what you have experienced thus far in this course? What observations do you make between McLaren & Torchinsky's work to what you discovered in FEED, Thompson's Brave New World article, or either of the films we have screened, Consuming Kids and/or the Ad & the Ego? Be clear and specific in your reasoning. Select at least one idea or concept from each section of the reading.
Environmental Art Project
This is a 3-dimensional interpretive creation using such mediums as wire, clay, found objects, wood, metal, mixed media, etc. These can be representational or abstract and should illustrate a telling incident, series of experiences, or emotion(s) connected to your personal views on media and the environment. (Have fun. No artistic talent needed, just a creative soul!)
[From last week: Pizza Palace and Kaiser Family Foundation study on children’s media use]
The use of sex appeal in the media has always been something that has bothered me. This concept was mentioned in “Ad Nauseam” and with the film “The Ad & The Ego”. I have never been able to grasp the idea and what really makes it ok to advertise for things in such a sexual manner. I can see how it is appealing to some, like the Carl’s Jr. commercial for men, but it is hard for me to really understand how this type of advertisement is ok to put out into the world. In the film, they kept playing clips of women in skimpy bathing suits, and I noticed that you really don’t see commercials like that around as much, unless they are trying to sell you some weight loss regimen and they want to show you how your body can magically shrink and look perfect. It’s not that I find the sex appeal method to be offensive, I just think that it is sad that that is how our culture works, and how advertising thinks that is a good way to promote objects.
ReplyDeleteThe “Your Ad Here” part of the book reminded me of FEED. The way that advertisements are EVERYWHERE and following us all around where ever we go. This was seen in FEED too, and I hate how we are always being followed by advertisements trying to get us to buy things that we don’t necessarily need. But after thinking about this, I guess you can say I just have a problem with advertisements in general, and I hate how they rule our lives. I love being here in Vermont and not having to drive past billboards on the highway. I think that that is a good first step for the rest of the world. But no matter what we will always see advertisements on the internet, magazines, newspapers, television, and basically everywhere else you can think of.
I can connect the part of the reading to wanting to be or feel a certain way. The reading mentions deodorant and cigarettes as male products and therefore if I use these products I will be cool like the guy in the commercials. We see this concept in FEED about how they constantly need to buy new clothes or get lesions to be cool. The concept of getting lesions is a better example because since Qwendy has them and is cool, all girls should get them so they can also feel cool too.
ReplyDeleteIn the films we watched there was the concept of commercials giving common values. A common value for guys in our society is to be tough and really strong. In advertisements today for men’s shampoos, razors, and deodorants, strength and toughness is the main value. The book talks about how the color of a stick of deodorant is a marketing tool too. If I was given a pink stick of deodorant I would say it is not strong enough, wouldn’t work, and is just weak, even though in reality it is just as strong as what I would normally use. This value of associating colors with a gender and value, such as strength, has been built into our culture. If I wasn’t a part of our modern culture, I may like the pink stick of deodorant, but culture has told me that is feminine. I really do hate these stereotypes of products, because I know in reality it doesn’t matter if I use the masculine products or not, but in today’s society it does radiate our status. Cigarettes and beer commercials are the same similar concepts, where if one wants to be manly he better drink lots of beer and smoke during his work breaks. In society this can clash with some people’s values, yet in the end some of people’s values eventually will become the same as the advertisements. I like not watching TV here in college because I do not get half the advertisements I would normally get, however they still pop up on the side of web pages and in papers. I try to avoid them so that I can hold onto my values and not become just the standard consumer who buys whatever product instantly defines me as being the stereotypical American.
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ReplyDeleteThis reading reminds me of the documentary we watched in class the first day called. "Consuming Kids."The whole Baby Einstein fiasco and the inundation of young children with advertisements through cartoons and toys. The chapter of the book entitled "How Consumer Culture Shapes People," the authors talk about the full length cartoons that act as commercials, and the infiltration of marketing in schools.
ReplyDeleteThen there is the parallels that I found between this book and FEED when in the chapter,"Brand Magic,"the authors go into the details of fitting products to specific people. In FEED this is what Violet was fighting against, and in Ad Nauseam Bristol-Myers markets Nutrament to the poor minority groups. These people need complete meals at a low cost, which Bristol-Myers claims they can bet with the sugar and oil based Nutrament.
On a large scale I think the book connects to everything we’ve learned so far. Every video we have watched and ever article we have read has reflected this decline in society. There is a decline in our brains, our attention span and of course an increase in advertising. I think everything we have read/looked at thus far reflects this point.
ReplyDeleteFrom each section there are definitely specific examples of things that relate to the material we’ve already covered. There was a section in the preface that showed a picture of the “khaki’s swing” add that was a fake. I noted how the colleagues responded by thinking it was a real Gap add and not really looking at the point of it all. This made me think of the video we watched on consuming kids and how advertisers make commercials that keep kids from blinking. We are turning into zombies, blinded so badly by advertising that we’re not actually thinking.
From the Forward, it was discussed how you can “interact with a brand.” This made me think of FEED and how the brands were all around them and they were essentially interacting with them 24 hours per day. I never really thought about how we also can interact with brands via comment cards and online logins and so forth and so forth.
A part in section 1 that stood out to me was the power of belief. The authors talked about how people would see an ad for cat skinning on the side of a bank and really want to invest in it even when there was a sign next to it saying that it wasn’t real. Also people honestly believed that all their questions to a certain band were actually being answered by that band 24 hours per day for a week. I was almost surprised how strong the power of belief can be. I thought it related to the consuming kids again in how kids will believe that a certain product is the best and tastes the best even if they have never had it before based on believing an ad.
I loved the part in section 2 about how teens in the 1950’s had a double the daily working vocabulary as 1990’s teens. That made me smirk because I feel like I see it all the time; people use facial expression to replace the value of words. It is really the saddest thing. It made me think back to FEED and how they could use the Mchat. It was like they didn’t need a working vocabulary at all - is that where we’re headed?
In class the fast-paced nature of contemporary media and information on the internet is often brought forward. Advertising has become the same way, and the first two parts of "Ad Nauseam" explains the evolution of this new media.
ReplyDeleteThe second section reminded me of FEED in many ways. Especially the question of whether consumer culture is rotting our minds. The feed was eliminating certain brain functions telling the kids where to go, what to buy, and literally branding them based on preferances. I think modern consumer culure is doing the same thing by placing ads anywhere and everywhere. For example urinals, sporting events, and elevators. Also cognitive function is being limited by advertising so our brains are suffering a slow painful death.
One particular message that resonates from the films and the first section of "Ad Nauseam" is how advertisements are constructed. Companies hire professional psychologists to develop these advertisements so people can react in a certain way. In "Consuming Kids" children are put up against adults with PHDs and are hypnotized to a certain degree by these ads. It is scary to consider but necessary in order to deconstruct the ads. Some of the "Stay Free" faux ads are well done, and point out the ridiculous nature of real ads. A normal Gap ad is just as heinous as the one with the hanging child. It was interesting that fake Dewar's confused people because one had to actually read the message at the bottom, says something about the power of images and people's attention span.
I think the most important connection I can make in terms of how Ad Nauseum and that which we have already discussed and study, is the constant struggle I have with who I really am. The ideas within Feed, and The Ad and The Ego, Ad Nauseum and even in Brave New World, its that the corporate or branded world, is defining us rather than us defining it. In the opening chapter of Ad Nauseum, they make reference to ad's being predatory, and that in their development, it went from trying to help you, to trying to control you. I feel that like Feed, Ad Nauseum is hinting at the world we are not supposed to see, the world that is planning your next vacation, what and where you eat, who your friends are. I feel that "it" is getting closer and closer to creating our reality for us, brand naming it, and selling it to us a discount price, because you've "got a nice face."
ReplyDeleteThe scary part is that you do not know how deep it goes, nor how you have been affected subliminally. That lemonade you bought may be your favorite drink, or maybe you just think its your favorite drink, or maybe its because you were corralled to like that drink. It plays on the subject of how in control are you in your own life, when at the start of your life, you are inundated with the wishes of others. So at what point is it your choice.
In Ad Nauseum, it discusses how although ad's from an outside perspective may seem silly (the Viceroy Cigarette Ad was classic) they still connect with people, and still play on insecurities and symbols which within the human psyche are important for "perceived success." As long as one can attain those characteristics you view as important in your happiness, whether its being sexy, having money, having tons of friends, ads play on the human thirst for societal acceptance.
For example, in "How Real is Real?", by Paul Watzlawick, he makes reference to a series of tests done a University of Penn professor in which a group of students are asked to look at a card with a single line, and then on a second card pick one of three lines which matched the length of the line on the first. At first all the students pick the correct line on their own, but for the second part of the test all but one of the subjects is told to choose the wrong line, and see whether the lone subject will choose on his own or submit to the pressure of the group.
The results were that 75% of the time, they chose the wrong answer alongside the group. The test played on the ideas discussed in our texts, that although we do not believe we are susceptible to the pressure of our peers, inherently we all do strive for some sort of acceptance, some form of connection, and if that means buying this or supporting that, than that's what we strive for.
As Willie Loman told Biff before his interview in Death of a Salesman, "Don't whistle on the elevator."
The first 2 sections of Ad Nauseam did an excellent job explaining why even though we think we ignore ads, they are still affecting us subconsciously. It also supplemented the 2 movies we have watched in class very well. The way it describes the undeniable shrinking attention span of Americans perfectly relates to the way advertisement companies make ads more and more colorful and interesting so people don't look away or blink, as seen in Consuming Kids.
ReplyDeleteIn the preface, the first subject that was discussed was the growing acknowledgment of brand names and what they look like. The kids in the author's classroom couldn't name any indigenous tree species but they could identify every letter of the alphabet with a specific brand name. Nowadays in classrooms, kids are shown "educational" movies, with brand names as examples, and then they go home to watch TV or surf the web and see these same names in ads. They know almost as much as adults do about consumer culture at earlier and earlier ages every year. It almost can't be avoided in today's advertisement culture.
The part in section 2 about how TV seems to be making America dumber and dumber reminds me of FEED, when people can look up things they don't know instantly on the internet through their brains. If this were to become a reality, basic knowledge of any and everything would not be needed, as we would just be able to look up anything we didn't understand. The future of intellectualism doesn't look bright.
The forward does an apt job of describing the choice as "active vs passive". We saw in FEED what happens when people aren't given a choice. The FEED by design can't be switched off and the user is given a constant stream of google-like suggestions of what that person might want, or information relevant to what the person is doing or even seeing. Constant exposure. The descriptions of recent "cutting edge" marketing techniques also mirror FEED. In the book free merchandise is given when the main characters talk about cola. The companies are letting consumers advertise to other consumers instead of doing it themselves, a genius idea in terms of economics, and one that peer-to-peer marketing and adolescent peer-pressure do today. In the Consuming Kids film we saw product parties, the sleepover-in-a-box. In part two, the authors touch on the impact advertising (in an unregulated post 1980 world) has on children. This linked particularly again with Consuming Kids and I was reminded of the Baby Einstein findings, and the fact that the program has a negative impact on intelligence and only teaches the baby brand identification. This lines up perfectly earlier in the book, with the alphabet vs trees exercise. I must confess, I took a close look at the letters and I also could place at least half of them to their brands, evidence of my own indoctrination. This is the fictional future today.
ReplyDeleteWhat stands out to me most from "Ad Nauseam" was its mention of exploitation of humans most primal desires, and thus actions, as an advertising tactic. In the section "The Psychology of Advertising: We're All Apes", the authors discuss not only the strong presence of food and sex in advertising, but also advertising's strong reliance on humans' instinct to copy others. In the book, it is mentioned that we learn from copying other humans, but I think it is important to also consider that as we age we depend less on this copying of others to learn, and more for a sense of belonging out of conformity. This concept was touched upon in the first film we watched in class "Consuming Kids". The movie mentioned early brand loyalty as part of learning from one's parents. The movie also discussed how sex and junk food are being sold to children at younger and younger ages, which implies that children who reject these products being advertised to them through sex and food will not fit in with their peers. Even in elementary school we want friends, and if we cannot relate to other children through popular culture because we don't understand its advertising tactics, we will have trouble making friends. The book mentions, like the movie, a new form of marketing enlisting everyday people to sell products like the G.I.A, which brings a whole new meaning to conforming to get along with others.
ReplyDeleteThis brings me to part two of the second chapter in "Ad Nauseam", "A Slow-Creeping Brain Death: Is Consumer Culture Rotting Our Minds?- Part II: The Incredible Shrinking Attention Span". Sex and food can be considered elements of our Id desires. I think that a major part of why there is concern for the shrinking of childrens' attention spans today, is that through advertising they are being taught to focus on these primal wants and needs at an earlier age. I'm not saying that children will not get hungry and enjoy eating or be curious about sex and gender and play doctor naturally, but this pressure to constantly worry about sex and food in order to conform and not be lonely has made it more difficult for them to also develop other manners of though, such as creativity and abstract thinking- which do not yield instant gratification. Between the movie "Consuming Kids" and the book "Ad Nauseam", its hard to ignore the fact that children are being seriously exploited through advertising, and thus the manner in which they grow up has been drastically altered, and in a way many would consider negatively.
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ReplyDeleteWithin the section of Ad Nauseum entitled, "How Consumer Culture Shapes People", there is a part called, "Your Ad Here" definetly reminds me of FEED. Advertising is everywhere we look even if we don't recognize it or think we are doing so. It's being fed to us through various mediums and there is no way to escape it aside from living in the woods with no tv, phone, or internet. Reading Ad Nauseam made me realize much more media was affecting my life then i originally thought. I definetly recognize it alot more now and the ways in which they try to target me.
ReplyDeleteThe Disneyaniacs section of Part 2, really freaked me out and remninded me of the movie "Consuming Kids". Although the man was not a kid when he first watched the Little Mermaid, he was immediately conneceted to Ariel and thought of her has being real. He bought the products as a way to feel connected to her and have her a part of his life. This is much like how children feel after they watch many of the other Disney movies. They want to live the dream and to do this they need the toys and products to make this a reality.
This reading has many connections to the topics discussed so far in class. It overlaps in the domination of advertising in our society, personal attachment to brands, advertising manipulation, and imitation of the media. These themes seem to be some of the biggest problems in the media today.
ReplyDeleteThe “Truth in Advertising Case Study” is closely linked to “Consuming Kids”, both covering the manipulation of parents by Baby Einstein. This illustrates a classic example of how people are deliberately deceived by advertising to believe what they want to believe. They want to believe that things are there the solutions, but such as with this example, that can be proved very false. It’s so ridiculous that a product can be advertised as making kids smarter, when television is the last thing a young child needs. It reminds me of the idea that parents should be the protectors of their children, but as “Consuming Kids” said, parents don’t have a chance with this barrage of constant forces against them, unrestricted by the government.
The chapter “Regarding Media Violence” the imitation of media, such as in FEED where the characters mimic those on TV. Though the sudden popularity of lesions was disturbing; the idea that these medical problems could be suddenly become desirable. In real life, the instances of media mimicry were nearly as frightening, from the copycat killers to reckless drivers. It really bothers me that television does this without conscience, but at the same time, do they deserve their freedom to be creative without restrictions in film? If they aren’t going to report suicides, should they show murderers and thieves on TV?
I found the movie consuming kids to be very disturbing. Clearly kids are a large target audience since they have so much influence over parental decisions. Another reason children are so easy to convince through advertising is because they do not yet understand the concept. On page 51 Mclaren and Torchinsky explain that we do not learn to disregard advertisements until the third grade. By the third grade we have essentially trained children to tune out, ignore their surroundings, and act mindlessly out of necessity.
ReplyDeleteIn “Your Ad Here” the authors discuss the enormous number of advertisements that constantly invade our lives. “Perhaps the only real challenge would be to find spaces without advertising” p. 43.This reminded me of the feed. In the feed they literally had advertisements running through their heads at all times. Not only did they see advertisements everywhere (including their own heads) they also spoke them. For example when they could win Coca-Cola if they said it enough times, or when on character would say Nike in every sentence he spoke.
I have noticed that in this reading and throughout this course there has been this common theme of the infiltration of advertising into every aspect of our lives, and the need to find some sort of balance amongst all of the noise.
ReplyDeleteIn the forward, the book talks about how its main premise is to get people thinking about things that companies and other such organizations don’t necessarily want people thinking about. This brought to mind something that was said in “The Ad and The Ego.” The movie stated that advertising “…cloaks human destruction behind beautiful faces and intense sexual experiences.” I just find it interesting the lengths that companies will go to and the money they will spend on research to develop new ways of disguising their intention in an ad. They go through great lengths to do it in such a way that people don’t think about it, unless they actively decide to do so. If they weren’t hiding anything, they would just plainly state what their product was about. But if they did that, it would be much easier for people to think, perhaps, about the actual stupidity of the product and how they don’t really need it. The companies would then make no profit. So, it benefits them to disguise their products in suggestive ads that unconsciously play on our so called animalistic insticts.
In the preface, “Ad Nauseam” begs the question, “How does advertising really work? How does it shape not merely our product purchasing but the way we define community, friendship and family? What does it mean to live in a consumer culture?” Somewhat of an answer to this question can be seen in FEED. The people are only valued for their purchasing ability. Everything the characters in FEED did and thought and bought was defined by the advertisements they continually were subjected to. They were not defined by their personality or who they were as an individual, but instead by their purchasing profile. The value of their life and of their existence as a human being was defined solely on their status as a consumer.
In part one, the concept of pairing the product with a desirable image is discussed. One example “Ad Nauseam” gives is of a man driving an SUV “…through a mountain terrain, creating a romantic vision of man in touch with nature. In the real world, SUV’s are far more often to be found at suburban shopping malls than remote forests–which incidentally are becoming even more remote thanks to environmental destruction by SUV’s.” I have seen so many commercials of this similar nature where the product being advertised, usually a car, is being driven in a place where probably less than once percent of the population would ever be driving. This
In part two, the clever comparison was made between advertising and bacteria that concluded with the idea that, “ The more advertising expands, the more it must expand.” This concept relates to an advertising mantra that was brought up in the film, “Consuming Children” that you are what you buy, own, have, and if you don’t have it than you are less than. With this sort of thinking people will always feel the need to buy more so they are not yesterday’s news. (Just as was seen in FEED, where the characters were constantly purchasing new items to stay up with the times.) The more people purchase, the more things need to be sold and the more advertising needs to be done for these things, and here we have a never-ending cycle. This concept relates back to two ideas from the film “The Ad and The Ego.” First, it “…cloaks human destruction behind beautiful faces and intense sensual experiences,” and second, it “…makes beautiful and desirable the using up of resources.” Advertisements show the vehicle in such a beautiful and stunning place, with a handsome guy or beautiful girl driving the car. In buying the car, that they designated consumer may or may not actually need, they are not making the world more beautiful, they are only adding to the pollution that the world does not need right now.
One personal experience that has been present in every media that we’ve studied in this course so far is the economically driven disconnection from nature. I appreciated the authors’ use of images throughout Ad Nauseam, especially the one that listed correlations between natural schemes and ad campaign tactics. During the field course that I took last semester, there were numerous occasions where the “easy plug-and-play path to witty banter” from movies or tv shows that we watched were a forced commonality that we relied on to connect with each other through the comforts of shared media amusement. I found it frustrating that even though we were surrounded by the most beautiful nature of our countries last pieces of wilderness we couldn’t avoid media’s interruption within our small group of students. There was even a day where we challenged ourselves to a media silencing, and we couldn’t even go half the day before a movie quote slipped out, so we stopped trying. This was largely due to a select few that were a part of the group, however I still found pleasure in portions of this interaction and reminiscence of the world we got to escape for a couple months.
ReplyDeleteIn the psychology of advertising section I was reminded of feed because it talked about how advertising went after our inherent animal instincts, and the feed itself was a very physically tangible thing to the characters in the book. When they bought things they could feel it being packed and shipped to them throughout the system within their bodies. I feel like with the development of artificial intelligence, this inner connectivity with the material items you purchase could be a hugely controlling advertising tactic. I think the closest scheme in effectiveness that ads use is repetitive sexuality, especially that of females. The chapter about the Disneyaniac Doug webb was a tragic example of sexual perversion through consumption. He had a child like obsession of a fantasy Ariel, it was very consuming kids- all grown up.
In watching the superbowl over the weekend I immersed myself in a media frenzy with a bunch of boys. The commercials were amazing. I had heard good things before, but this was my first time so I was skeptical. With their laptops open during the entire game, I counted 6 times that they went to the website of the commercial they had just seen. I tried watching them from a well-informed media critic, but found myself sucked in a number of times. I think ad nauseam hits the nail on the head on pg.73 “Ads all but beg to be read ironically: the “not believing” is built right in. That sense of detachment flatters us and keeps us watching.” My jaw was dropped through almost all of these commercials in their unrelated story lines and bizarre deeper meaning if there was one at all. There were a number of them that we couldn’t even decipher the company they were promoting, but there was a lot of beer and violence. The bottom line for me was the quote from the Ad and the Ego “All men are great in their dreams”.
In the Forward when Rob Walker describes Stay Free, the alternative media publication written mostly by the two editors of this book, I was immediately reminded of FEED. He writes: “Everything in Ad Nauseam is about questioning what most people take for granted…” In essence, that is what FEED did, as well. Like FEED, Ad Nauseam goes against the grain of mainstream society, using examples from that society to bring about critical thinking about issues like consumer culture.
ReplyDeleteThe Preface reminded me of the film Consuming Kids. In the very beginning the author discusses teaching a high school class where the students recognized brand names much more consistently than tree species in the town. That really struck a chord with me. I was astounded in the film when it said that babies as young as six months can recognize brands. Imagine if parents taught their babies about nature instead?
In part one, in the section titled “Brand Magic”, the differences in advertising across gender lines was discussed. It says that when Marlboro cigarettes were first introduced in the 1920s, they were targeted to women because they were thought to be mild and elegant (first cigarette with a filter). Later on, they decided to target WWII veterans who were back working in the US in offices. The “manly men” felt emasculated. New Marlboro ads used images of tough guys with tattoos, riding horses, and the like. All of these sexist stereotypes used to target male and female consumers reminded me of that topic in the film The Ad and the Ego. It really disgusts me not only that corporations play into people’s insecurities and sexual desires, but the fact that it works!
In part two, in the “Your Ad Here” section, I was reminded of FEED. Advertisements are everywhere, including people’s bodies. Brand names and logos are on clothes. Billboards are on the highways (in every state except Vermont). Commercials play in elevators so that we cannot escape. Some retail stores play music or infuse the air with fragrance to attract people to come into the store. Now, we have ads even playing in our own minds, with catchy jingles and rhymes hard to shake. Our culture has literally become an advertisement.
I have really been enjoying this book. It bring to light several logical yet, underreported ideas and facts about the advertising industry and its pervasiveness in American culture. Immediately, I am drawn to thinking about my own experiences, specifically, in how advertising has influenced my decisions and daily actions. I am glad VT does not have billboards and I am glad that I do not watch much television; but yet, this giant unstoppable growing ball of advertising, and in turn, the dumbing down of the people it is affecting, is shaping and helping to determine culture and actions and choices and fundamentally everything that happens socially in our world. No wonder why environmentalism is so difficult to relay to the rest of the world; we face a giant influential juggernaut (advertising) that leaves its victims hypnotized in its message (to consume).
ReplyDeleteThe book touches on and expands several of the themes that we discuss in class, and have read and blogged about. Most generally, is the gargantuan influence that advertising has on people, even if they do not cognitively admit to or realize it. Also, advertising's roots in Pavlovian psychology and how we are being desensitized and "trained" to like particular commericals or adverisments. Also, the effect that images can have on viewers, illustrating something and allowing viewers to forge their own conenction to it rather than outrightly telling them something.
The chapter discussing how people are being dumbed down by media and advertising drew correlations with The FEED. I particularly found interesting and somewhat depressing the comparisons between Lincoln and Bush's presidential speeches or fiction in 1900s vs 2000s. People seem to be becoming overly distracted and trapped in this world of consumption and advertising to the point where it is occupying much of their brain activity and truly detracting from their potential for reasoning and logic. This helps explain why there is still a large portion of the US who believes GCC and anthropogenic causality is a hoax, simply because, in my opinion, large corporate juggernauts are feeding lies to the general public to tap in to their thoughts and emotions and "hypnotizing" them into believing that it's some (to use stereotypes) left-wing radical hippie-dippy pie-in-the-sky latte drinking scholarly jibberjabber when it is really backed by scientific evidence and is universely agreed upon by experts in climatology environmental science and other things. Of course, environmentalism and anti-consumption hurts the economy and these giant profit-margin machines. It is refreshing to see this book sharing these ideas and conclusively illustrating them through many techniques and mediums.
There are several other ideas that this book touches on that we have seen in movies or read for class. I am excited to continue reading.